We investigate specific newly discovered immune systems in bacteria and archaea, focusing on the molecular machines that underpin their antiviral activity. In particular, we study proteins with helicase, nuclease, and/or protease functions to understand how they detect, process, and neutralize invading genetic material. Using structural biology, biochemistry, bacteriophage infection assays, and single-molecule approaches, we dissect how these complexes achieve recognition, specificity, and regulation. These mechanistic insights not only expand our understanding of microbial biology but also establish a foundation for engineering defense systems as versatile molecular tools.
